Surgery in India


Eye Surgery / Treatment in India


( This is a partial list. Please Enquire for the procedure you need and we will respond! )




Trabeculectomy ( Surgery for Glaucoma) in India:

Glaucoma is a disease in which the optic nerve, vital for eyesight, is affected because of increased pressure within the eye or because of blood flow related problems within the eye.  The front of the eye is full of aqueous humor, a clear nourishing fluid which normally drains out through the capillaries.

Glaucoma is mostly caused by a blockage in the draining of this fluid, which can lead to extremely high pressure within the eye, causing damage to the optic nerve.

The trabeculectomy procedure, which is widely performed in India, relieves the high pressure within the eye by declogging the meshwork and creating a new path for the fluid to drain out from the eye.  As part of the procedure a small collecting bag is constructed out of tissue from the conjuctiva. This bag is placed under the upper eyelid and receives fluid from the new drainage system which then passes  into the bloodstream through the capillaries.  The new drainage pathways help in lowering the pressure within the eye.  Trabeculectomy procedure is the preferred line of surgical treatment in India for glaucoma.

Laser Trabeculoplasty ( Laser Treatment For Glaucoma) in India:

Laser Treatment For Glaucoma involves the use of a laser beams to destroy select areas of the trabecular meshwork in order to increase the outflow of aqueous humor.  Laser trabeculoplasty, also known as LTP, is primarily used in the treatment of open angle glaucomas. The laser beam used can be either Argon or Nd YAG Laser.  Depending on the kind of laser beam used, the procedure is called Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT) or Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty ( SLT). Between the two, SLT is more specific in application with lesser collateral damage.  It is also a repeatable procedure. For these reasons, SLT is increasingly being accepted as the laser therapy of choice for glaucoma treatment in India and the rest of the world.

Aqueous shunt devices (Implants for Glaucoma Treatment) in India:

Acquiescent shunt implants are drainage devices which are used to reduce the intraocular pressure (pressure within the eye). These microscopic tubes are made of special plastic material and are connected to a reservoir, which is located below the conjunctival tissue. The operating principle is the same as in the case of the trabeculectomy and this procedure is therefore offered in some cases as an option to trabeculectomy in India.

LASIK Procedure in India:

LASIK is a laser assisted procedure in which the shape of the cornea is permanently redefined. A blade device and a laser device are used to make a flap in the cornea, which is the clear portion covering the front of the eye.  The flap that is created is folded back to expose the stroma, which is the central section of the cornea. A computer-controlled laser then vaporises a portion of the stroma to achieve the desired profile.  The flap is then placed back.

LASIK can effectively treat nearsighted, farsighted and astigmatism patients.  For nearsighted patients, LASIK is used to flatten the cornea.  For farsighted people, LASIK is used to shape the cornea into a steeper profile.  Astigmatism is corrected by smoothing out the irregular shape of the cornea.

A successful LASIK procedure calls for the appropriate use of the best available technology by a skilled eye surgeon.  LASIK procedure is successfully done in India at world class LASIK centres in India at the capable hands of highly trained ophthalmic surgeon.

Cataract surgery in India:

The clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye, which causes it to become opaque, is known as cataract.  Cataract surgery is commonly performed in India on an outpatient basis under minimal anaesthesia.

  • Phacoemulsification (for cataract treatment) in India:

 This is a very commonly used technique for cataract treatment in India and abroad.  Cataract is an eye disease in which the normally clear lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque, causing a decrease in vision. A small incision is made on the surface of the eye near the cornea.  An ultrasound probe is used to dissolve the cloudy lens and suction out the fragmented bits of the lens.  An artificial lens is used to replace the natural lens that has been removed.  This lens is slotted into the space that the natural lens occupied.

  • Extracapsular cataract surgery (for cataract treatment) in India:

 This is a less commonly used procedure that finds application for the removal of advanced cataracts where the lens is so dense that it cannot be dissolved through ultrasound.  Consequently a larger surgical incision is needed to enable the removal of the cataract as one single piece, without being broken down within the eye.  An artificial lens is used to replace the natural lens that was removed

  • Bladeless Cataract Surgery / Laser Refractive Cataract Surgery (high-technology cataract treatment) in India:

Femtosecond Laser Surgery, which has been globally used for Bladeless LASIK surgery on millions of patients worldwide, now finds safe and reliable application for cataract and lens exchange surgery.
The cutting edge technology of Bladeless Cataract Surgery in India combines the accuracy and precision of lasers and replaces the use of blades in cataract surgeries. It also significantly brings down the need for ultrasound power for cataract removals. The design goals also require that the system increase the overall surgical efficiency and safety of lens removal, and improve the stability of the intraocular lens placement.

In LRCS (Laser Refractive Cataract Surgery) in India, the high-tech laser instrument performs three vital steps in the cataract surgery procedure: the incisions of the cornea, capsulorhexis and the fragmentation of the cataract.  All these stages were hitherto being done manually.  This revolutionary equipment thus brings to the operation theatre an amazing level of precision and safety in the execution of important aspects of cataract surgery.

In addition to the key advantages listed above, the equipment used for LRCS can also treat residual cell cylindrical number post-cataract surgery by performing accurate incisions.

Cornea Transplant Surgery (Keratoplasty) in India:

The cornea, located in the front of the eye, is a transparent tissue that allows light to enter the eye.  If the cornea becomes cloudy or irregular in shape, the result can be significantly diminished vision or even blindness.  The treatment for diseased corneas is corneal transplantation, using cornea donated by deceased human beings.

Cornea transplant is a very routine and successful procedure in India.  The success rate of cornea transplant in India is well over 95%. To some degree, the extent of vision restoration is limited to the functionality of the other parts of the eye.

During the cornea transplant procedure in India, the eye surgeon removes a circular portion from the centre of the patient's cornea and substitutes it with a similar section from the donor cornea, which is then fixed using sutures.  This procedure is known as Penetrating Keratoplasty.

In Lamellar Keratoplasty, instead of replacing the entire cornea, only some layers of the cornea are replaced, using the healthy layers of the patient's own cornea intact.  This eye treatment procedure, widely performed in India, is an advancement over the Penetrating Keratoplasty procedure

Endothelial Keratoplasty is a surgical procedure which can be performed with just one or even no sutures at all.  In this procedure, the patient's endothelium is replaced with a transplanted disc of posterior stroma/Descemets/endothelium (DSEK) or Descemets/endothelium (DMEK).

This new technique is particularly useful for the treatment of the endothelium, which is the inner layer of the cornea.  Owing to the conservative nature of the treatment, functional vision is often restored within a few weeks.  This is in contrast to full thickness cornea transplants where restoration of vision can take up to one year.

Retinal Detachment Surgery in India:

There are several surgical options for the treatment of retinal detachment in India.  The option chosen will depend on the extent and severity of the detachment:

  • Tears or holes in the retina can be sealed using laser technology before a retinal detachment actually happens.
  • Pneumatic Retinopexy: involves placement of a gas bubble in the eye which gently floats the retina back into position. 
  • Severe cases of retinal detachment are treated in India through more complex surgeries such as a  Scleral Buckle ( which enables the eye wall to attach to the retina) or
  • Vitrectomy,  a procedure widely performed in India to evacuate gel or remove scar tissue which is pulling on the retina.

Oculoplasty surgeries in India :

Leading eye hospitals in India have specialists in Oculoplasty who provide medical solutions in respect of facial aesthetics, Orbital diseases and complex reconstruction, trauma management, etc

( This is a partial list. Please Enquire for the procedure you need and we will respond! )








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Organ Transplants In India

Liver transplants in India

A liver transplant procedure is a very complex surgery that is very professionally done at select hospitals in India with a success rate of 95% for the patient and 100 % safety for the donor. These success rates are on par with the best liver transplant centres internationally. India's leading liver transplant surgeon performs between 16-18 liver transplants every month, perhaps the highest number of liver transplant surgeries led by any single surgeon anywhere in the world.

Donor for liver transplant in India

The waiting list for liver donations from cadavers (dead persons) is long in India and is therefore not a practical option for foreign patients. It is extremely safe for a living person to donate a portion of his liver to the patient. Within just two weeks, the donor's liver grows back to its original size with full functionality. Liver donation does not place any lifestyle or dietary restrictions on the donor after the recuperation period of one month. To donate a portion of the liver for a patient, the donor must:

Investigations and Preparation for Liver Transplant in India

This process takes approximately 7 days. The liver transplant surgeon in India would first confirm the diagnosis of liver failure and the need for liver transplant. Secondly, the patient's general fitness for the surgery (in terms of the functioning of heart, kidneys, lungs, etc) is assessed. Clinical tests are also conducted to verify that the patient is not suffering from any infection which will affect the success of the transplant. Finally, the patient and the family are provided with detailed advice about the transplant procedure, the follow-up process and care for the patient during recuperation period.

Liver transplant surgery in India

The liver transplant is a very major operation and takes between 6 to 8 hours. A team of medical professionals, including a minimum of three surgeons and two anaesthetists, are required for this surgery. During the operation, the patient's diseased liver is removed after first disconnecting major blood vessels and the bile tube. After the healthy liver section is put in place, all the blood vessels and the bile tube are reconnected.

Recovery after Liver Transplant Surgery in India

The patient is transferred to the ICU where he will be put on a respirator for at least two days. The patient will be put on immuno-suppression drugs to prevent the new liver from being rejected by the body. ICU stay will be approximately 3 to 10 days, depending on the speed of recovery of the patient. The patient is then moved to a special transplant recovery unit where he will be monitored for two to four weeks. After recuperation at home for a month, the patient is gradually able to return to his normal routine.

Special infrastructure for liver transplant Surgery in India

Kidney Transplants in India

Kidney Transplants in India

Kidney transplants are widely performed at leading hospitals in India. It is estimated that approximately 3500 kidney transplants are performed every year in India, primarily using kidneys from living donors. Kidney transplants are done very safely in India with success rates on par with international benchmarks. The success rate of kidney transplants is linked to the general health of the patient, the compatibility of the donated kidney with the patient, the quality of the donated kidney, and finally the surgery itself and post-surgery management of organ acceptance.

Donors for Kidney Transplants in India

Kidney donations primarily fall in three different categories:

Cadaver donations (from deceased persons)

These form a very small percentage of kidney donations in India. With a very long wait list, this category of conditions is not practical for foreign patients

Donations by living, related donors

This category of donations (from a parent, child or brother/sister) is the most accepted form of donations for a kidney transplant in India. Donations outside of this immediate family circle are classified as unrelated donors for legal purposes

Donations by living, unrelated donors:

While donations by the husband or wife of the patient is freely allowed, donations by other unrelated donors requires obtaining of special permissions, which are granted at the sole discretion of the government, which has to be fully satisfied that there is no commercial angle whatsoever to the donation of the kidney.

Finding a Suitable Kidney for Transplant

Commercial donation of kidneys in India, whether to an Indian National or to a foreigner, is strictly prohibited in India. Hence, the only option for a foreign patient requiring a kidney transplant is to bring along a kidney donor from his own country. Ideally speaking, the kidney donor should be a close relative (parent, child, brother/sister, or wife). Beyond the legalities, a suitable kidney would be one where in:

Investigations and Preparation for Kidney Transplant in India

Both the patient and the kidney donor will undergo a series of tests at the hospital in India to reconfirm compatibility. Even in those cases where there is HLA and blood group matching, the doctors will perform a cross match test. If the cross match test is positive, then the patient's immune system will attack the donated kidney, even if there is blood group matching and HLA compatibility. The kidney transplant team in India will consider all the results before proceeding with the procedure. Once it is decided to go ahead with the kidney transplant, the legal paperwork is also completed. Medical investigations will take approximately 1 week. If the donor is a close family member of the patient, legal formalities are minimal. If the donor is an unrelated person, the procedure for obtaining permission from the government will take a minimum of three weeks, with the final decision resting with the government.

Kidney Transplant Surgery in India

The kidney transplant procedure takes approximately 2 to 3 hours and is performed under general anaesthesia. The diseased kidney is usually left in place, while the new kidney is placed either in the left or right groin. The major artery and vein are connected to the new kidney. Catheters are placed to drain both the bladder and the new kidney and may remain in place for approximately a week. Production of urine commences almost immediately for about two thirds of kidney transplant patients. For about one third of kidney transplant patients, the new kidney may commence production of urine only after several weeks. In the days following the surgery, blood tests are done to assess the performance of the kidneys. Ultrasound tests are also done to verify that blood flow is adequate to the kidney and that urine is draining properly into the bladder. The nephrologist will also keep track of signs of rejection of the new kidney by the patient's body.

Recovery after Kidney Transplant Surgery in India

Following kidney transplant surgery in India, the patient would normally need to stay in hospital for about a week to 10 days after the procedure. The kidney donor is normally discharged from the hospital four to five days after the surgery. As the patient's immune systems are suppressed to reduce the chances of rejection of the new kidney, the patient is also susceptible to infections on account of lowered body defences. For this reason, the patient is kept in a carefully controlled environment which minimises exposure to infections.

After discharge from hospital, for the next couple of weeks, the patient will need to visit the hospital regularly for blood checks to monitor the performance of the kidney. The level of immune suppression drugs will also be monitored.

Three months after the kidney transplant surgery, all going well, the patient will only be required to report on a monthly basis for monitoring. The patient will also be put on medication, if required, for control of cholesterol and BP as these two conditions can affect the functioning of the new kidney.

Bone Marrow Transplants in India

Bone Marrow Transplants in India

A Bone Marrow Transplant is a non surgical procedure in which damaged or diseased bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow stem cells. This complex procedure is performed at many of India's leading hospitals. The success rate for bone marrow transplants in India is on par with international benchmarks.

A bone marrow transplant is usually offered as a solution for certain kinds of cancers as well as some diseases which affect the production of blood cells. Hospitals which perform bone marrow transplants in India have the requisite infrastructure as well as highly experienced haematologists and haemaeto-oncologists to perform the procedure successfully.

Bone marrow transplants can be one of the following three types

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant, in which the patient's own stem cells are removed before chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These cells are administered back to the patient after completion of chemo/radiotherapy.

Allogenic bone marrow transplant in which stem cells are provided by a donor, most often a brother or sister, since the genetic makeup would be similar in this situation.

Umbilical cord blood transplant in which stem cells are removed from the umbilical cord of a newborn baby and stored till they are needed for transplant. This method is still in the initial stages of application and review.

Investigations and Preparation for Bone Marrow Transplant in India

Hospitals in India which perform bone marrow transplant follow a very rigorous procedure in investigating and preparing patients for the procedure. In the case of allogenic transplants, several special tests including HLA testing is done to verify whether there is a good match between the donor and patient. The overall health of the patient is also an important factor while considering the possibility of a bone marrow transplant in India.

The therapy that the patient needs (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is completed before the bone marrow transplant procedure.

The Procedure

Bone marrow transplant procedure in India comprises two major activities: the harvesting of the stem cells and the transplantation of the stem cells.

The procedure for harvesting stem cells is the same for both autologous and allogenic bone marrow transplants in India. Under general anaesthesia, bone marrow is extracted from major bone structure is such as the hip and the spine. There are no surgical incisions, just skin punctures to insert the needles. The harvested stem cells may need to be processed to make them fit for transplantation.

In the second phase, the actual transplantation procedure is performed. All hospitals that perform bone marrow transplant procedure in India have a special and segregated bone marrow transplant unit which is highly sterile. This is because bone marrow transplant patients are susceptible to infections on account of lower levels of immunity.

Prior to the procedure, catheters are inserted to allow administration of drugs, nutrition etc. Patients would receive medications such as antibiotics and antivirus to prevent as well as to treat infections of any kind. Patients scheduled for allogenic transplant will also receive special medications to prevent rejection of the donor cells by the patients immune system.

Healthy stem cells are introduced into the body through the bloodstream, and no surgery is normally necessary. The stem cells upon reaching the bone marrow, engraft there and after a couple of weeks commence production of normal blood cells.

Recovery after Bone Marrow Transplant in India

The period of two to four weeks following bone marrow transplant in India is a critical period for the patient, when he is most susceptible to infections. Access to the patient is rigorously controlled to limit exposure to infections. The grafted stem cells may begin producing blood cells two to four weeks after the transplant.

Following discharge from the hospital, patients from foreign countries will still need to stay close to the hospital for a period of three to four months. During this time there would be regular checkups at the hospital to monitor engraftment of the stem cells, look out for signs of graft rejection, etc. Foreign patients may return to their home country at the end of this period. It would take at least six months, sometimes up to a year, for patients to return back to normal work cycles.

Pancreas Transplant Surgery in India

Pancreas is that organ of the body which produces insulin. The first pancreas transplantation surgery was conducted in 1966.

This procedure involves the implantation of a healthy pancreas into the body of the patient, who is usually suffering from Diabetes Type I. The pancreas donor can be a deceased person or a living donor. Several tests are performed to verify compatibility between donor tissue and the patient's body. The patient’s original pancreas is left in place, while the donated pancreas is grafted into the patient's body. Most transplants of pancreas happen simultaneously with kidney transplantation, ideally with the kidney and the pancreas coming from the same donor. However, it is also possible to have a pancreas transplant done independent of a kidney transplant surgery.

Following the transplant, the patient would be on immunosuppressant medication for life, since there can be graft rejection problems at any stage during the life of the patient. The success rate of Pancreas transplant surgery in India is estimated to be in line with the international benchmarks, where over 95% of transplant patients are alive one year after surgery, with approximately 85% of pancreas functioning successfully one year after surgery. Long-term studies are ongoing

Cornea Transplant Surgery (Keratoplasty) in India

The cornea, located in the front of the eye, is a transparent tissue that allows light to enter the eye. If the cornea becomes cloudy or irregular in shape, the result can be significantly diminished vision or even blindness. The treatment for diseased corneas is corneal transplantation, using cornea donated by deceased human beings. Cornea transplant is a very routine and successful procedure in India. The success rate of cornea transplant in India is well over 95%. To some degree, the extent of vision restoration is limited to the functionality of the other parts of the eye. During the cornea transplant procedure in India, the eye surgeon removes a circular portion from the centre of the patient's cornea and substitutes it with a similar section from the donor cornea, which is then fixed using sutures. This procedure is known as Penetrating Keratoplasty.

In Lamellar Keratoplasty, instead of replacing the entire cornea, only some layers of the cornea are replaced, using the healthy layers of the patient's own cornea intact. This eye treatment procedure, widely performed in India, is an advancement over the Penetrating Keratoplasty procedure

Endothelial Keratoplasty is a surgical procedure which can be performed with just one or even no sutures at all. In this procedure, the patient's endothelium is replaced with a transplanted disc of posterior stroma/Descemets/endothelium (DSEK) or Descemets/endothelium (DMEK).

This new technique is particularly useful for the treatment of the endothelium, which is the inner layer of the cornea. Owing to the conservative nature of the treatment, functional vision is often restored within a few weeks. This is in contrast to full thickness cornea transplants where restoration of vision can take up to one year.

This new technique is particularly useful for the treament of the endothelium, which is the inner layer of the cornea. Owing to the conservative nature of the treatment, functional vision is often restored within a few weeks. This is in contrast to full thickness cornea transplants where restoration of vision can take up to one year.

Waiting period for corneas at leading Indian hospitals which have eye banks varies from no waiting time at some to a week or two at other.

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