Surgery in India


Urology Treatment in India


( This is a partial list. Please Enquire for the procedure you need and we will respond! )



Radical Prostatectomy in India:

Radical Prostatectomy is a surgery in which a urologist removes the prostate gland completely Radical prostatectomy is normally performed when cancer affects the prostate gland, especially when the cancer is confined to the prostate and has not yet spread to other parts of the body In this situation, the removal of the prostate in its entirety, very often results in a complete cure from cancer This procedure can be done either through open surgery or laparoscopically. Please see below for further details.

Open Surgery for Radical Prostatectomy in India:

Radical prostatectomy has historically been done as an open surgery where the incision is made in the lower belly or in the perineum Apart from removing the prostate, the surgeon may also remove the lymph nodes for biopsy The surgery is performed under local anaesthesia and would require the patient to stay in the hospital for approximately 5 days.

Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy inIndia:

Radical Prostatectomies are now routinely done using the laparoscopic method. Here, instead of one large incision, the surgeon makes a few small incisions in the belly One incision is used to insert the light source, while the other incisions are used to operate the instruments to conduct the surgery The incisions being much smaller, recovery from surgery is much quicker compared with open surgery

Robotic Surgery for Radical Prostatectomy in India:

Our associate hospitals in India are amongst the very few in Asia which offer Robotic Surgeries.
Of late, the da Vinci robot is being used to assist in radical prostatectomies Several leading hospitals in India offer robotic surgery is for carrying out radical prostatectomies.

During robotic surgery, the surgeon sits at the console at which s/he can view magnified 3-D images of the anatomy of the patient The surgeon has foot and joystick-like hand controls which are used to ' perform' the surgery. The hand and wrist movements of the surgeon are picked up by the robot and replicated without error but on a smaller scale The robot eliminates tremor effects from the surgeon's hands and allows minute movements during delicate phases of the surgery.

The high resolution camera clearly displays the presence of small blood vessels which can be spared Greater reach and dexterity is made possible because of the 360 degree turning flexibility of the wrist of the da Vinci Robot The use of the da Vinci Robot allows high precision in incisions, cauterising, resection (removal of tissue) and suturing The efficiency of the robotic arm also enables surgery with minimal blood loss.

Lithotripsy in India for Removal of Kidney Stones:

Kidney stones can be removed without any surgery through the use of sound waves. This procedure is called a lithotripsy and does not involve any incisions or cut what so ever. Soundwaves directed at the targeted kidney stones which are broken up into smaller pieces by the impact of the waves. These splintered stones are then evacuated from the kidney through a catheter tube that is put in place. Lithotripsy can be done as an outpatient procedure. For some patients more than one sitting may be required in order to remove all the stones

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Key hole surgery for kidney stones in India:

While the vast majority of kidney stones can be treated through lithotripsy, there are some situations where surgery is the right option For example, those cases where the Renal stones are greater than 3 cms in diameter, or where the composition of the kidney stone makes it inappropriate for lithotripsy, or for those patients for whom lithotripsy has already failed, etc.

In this procedure, small incisions are made to access the kidney stones The stones are removed intact if the size is not too large In the case of very large stones, laser or ultrasound is used to fragment the stones which are then evacuated

Transurethral Resection of Prostate ( TURP) in India:

This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which the prostate gland, in full or in part, is removed This is the standard procedure for treatment of enlarged prostate gland, also known as Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a condition in which an enlarged prostate gland obstructs the flow of urine through the urethra. The TURP procedure involves the insertion of a cystoscope through the urethra (the urinary tube). Using laser or electrocautery, the surgeon then removes sections of the prostate gradually in order to relieve the pressure on the urethra.

Treatment of Urethral Strictures in India:

The urethra is the tube which carries urine from the bladder for discharge from the body. Sometimes, owing to accidents, infections or even because of medical procedures on the urethra, the tube can narrow down to a point where urination becomes a problem. Two of the treatment options are described below:

Placement of Urethral Stent: using an endoscope, the surgeon passes a stent through the urethra Once inter-operative imaging confirms that the stent has reached the exact location of the stricture, the device is opened out and forms a free tube section through which the urine can flow.

Open Reconstruction of Urethra in India:  This procedure is far more invasive than the stent replacement procedure. However, in complex conditions, this procedure may be called for Several techniques exist for reconstruction of the urethra The affected section of the urethra may be cut out and the normal sections reconnected In other cases a skin flap and or a graft from the inside of the cheek may be used to form a new reconstructed section of urethra

Surgery in India for abnormal penile curvature ( Nesbit's Operation) :

This is a surgical procedure which is designed to correct an abnormal curvature in the penis, which can be caused on account of a variety of factors including Peyronie's disease Nesbitt's Operation is routinely performed by urologists in India. A section of the corpus cavernosum is removed from the side opposite to the plaque and the edges are then sutured together.

Penile prosthesis For Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction:

One of the treatment options for erectile dysfunction is the implanting of penile prosthesis, which are basically of two types: malleable or inflatable. In the malleable prosthesis 2 rods are placed within the penis, causing it to be in a semi-rigid state at all times The second type, the inflatable prosthesis, uses a reservoir and a pump. Upon activation of the pump, fluid from the reservoir enters the penis, causing an erection Likewise, the erection can be deactivated by the user The penile prosthesis procedure is commonly done in India and has a success rate of over 80%

Orchidopexy in India:

This is a surgery to place undescended testicles, which have not descended, into the scrotum. Following birth, in many cases the testes may descend by themselves in the first 2-3 months. If , orchidopexy may be necessary, generally between the age of 6-12 months.

( This is a partial list. Please Enquire for the procedure you need and we will respond! )








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Organ Transplants In India

Liver transplants in India

A liver transplant procedure is a very complex surgery that is very professionally done at select hospitals in India with a success rate of 95% for the patient and 100 % safety for the donor. These success rates are on par with the best liver transplant centres internationally. India's leading liver transplant surgeon performs between 16-18 liver transplants every month, perhaps the highest number of liver transplant surgeries led by any single surgeon anywhere in the world.

Donor for liver transplant in India

The waiting list for liver donations from cadavers (dead persons) is long in India and is therefore not a practical option for foreign patients. It is extremely safe for a living person to donate a portion of his liver to the patient. Within just two weeks, the donor's liver grows back to its original size with full functionality. Liver donation does not place any lifestyle or dietary restrictions on the donor after the recuperation period of one month. To donate a portion of the liver for a patient, the donor must:

Investigations and Preparation for Liver Transplant in India

This process takes approximately 7 days. The liver transplant surgeon in India would first confirm the diagnosis of liver failure and the need for liver transplant. Secondly, the patient's general fitness for the surgery (in terms of the functioning of heart, kidneys, lungs, etc) is assessed. Clinical tests are also conducted to verify that the patient is not suffering from any infection which will affect the success of the transplant. Finally, the patient and the family are provided with detailed advice about the transplant procedure, the follow-up process and care for the patient during recuperation period.

Liver transplant surgery in India

The liver transplant is a very major operation and takes between 6 to 8 hours. A team of medical professionals, including a minimum of three surgeons and two anaesthetists, are required for this surgery. During the operation, the patient's diseased liver is removed after first disconnecting major blood vessels and the bile tube. After the healthy liver section is put in place, all the blood vessels and the bile tube are reconnected.

Recovery after Liver Transplant Surgery in India

The patient is transferred to the ICU where he will be put on a respirator for at least two days. The patient will be put on immuno-suppression drugs to prevent the new liver from being rejected by the body. ICU stay will be approximately 3 to 10 days, depending on the speed of recovery of the patient. The patient is then moved to a special transplant recovery unit where he will be monitored for two to four weeks. After recuperation at home for a month, the patient is gradually able to return to his normal routine.

Special infrastructure for liver transplant Surgery in India

Kidney Transplants in India

Kidney Transplants in India

Kidney transplants are widely performed at leading hospitals in India. It is estimated that approximately 3500 kidney transplants are performed every year in India, primarily using kidneys from living donors. Kidney transplants are done very safely in India with success rates on par with international benchmarks. The success rate of kidney transplants is linked to the general health of the patient, the compatibility of the donated kidney with the patient, the quality of the donated kidney, and finally the surgery itself and post-surgery management of organ acceptance.

Donors for Kidney Transplants in India

Kidney donations primarily fall in three different categories:

Cadaver donations (from deceased persons)

These form a very small percentage of kidney donations in India. With a very long wait list, this category of conditions is not practical for foreign patients

Donations by living, related donors

This category of donations (from a parent, child or brother/sister) is the most accepted form of donations for a kidney transplant in India. Donations outside of this immediate family circle are classified as unrelated donors for legal purposes

Donations by living, unrelated donors:

While donations by the husband or wife of the patient is freely allowed, donations by other unrelated donors requires obtaining of special permissions, which are granted at the sole discretion of the government, which has to be fully satisfied that there is no commercial angle whatsoever to the donation of the kidney.

Finding a Suitable Kidney for Transplant

Commercial donation of kidneys in India, whether to an Indian National or to a foreigner, is strictly prohibited in India. Hence, the only option for a foreign patient requiring a kidney transplant is to bring along a kidney donor from his own country. Ideally speaking, the kidney donor should be a close relative (parent, child, brother/sister, or wife). Beyond the legalities, a suitable kidney would be one where in:

Investigations and Preparation for Kidney Transplant in India

Both the patient and the kidney donor will undergo a series of tests at the hospital in India to reconfirm compatibility. Even in those cases where there is HLA and blood group matching, the doctors will perform a cross match test. If the cross match test is positive, then the patient's immune system will attack the donated kidney, even if there is blood group matching and HLA compatibility. The kidney transplant team in India will consider all the results before proceeding with the procedure. Once it is decided to go ahead with the kidney transplant, the legal paperwork is also completed. Medical investigations will take approximately 1 week. If the donor is a close family member of the patient, legal formalities are minimal. If the donor is an unrelated person, the procedure for obtaining permission from the government will take a minimum of three weeks, with the final decision resting with the government.

Kidney Transplant Surgery in India

The kidney transplant procedure takes approximately 2 to 3 hours and is performed under general anaesthesia. The diseased kidney is usually left in place, while the new kidney is placed either in the left or right groin. The major artery and vein are connected to the new kidney. Catheters are placed to drain both the bladder and the new kidney and may remain in place for approximately a week. Production of urine commences almost immediately for about two thirds of kidney transplant patients. For about one third of kidney transplant patients, the new kidney may commence production of urine only after several weeks. In the days following the surgery, blood tests are done to assess the performance of the kidneys. Ultrasound tests are also done to verify that blood flow is adequate to the kidney and that urine is draining properly into the bladder. The nephrologist will also keep track of signs of rejection of the new kidney by the patient's body.

Recovery after Kidney Transplant Surgery in India

Following kidney transplant surgery in India, the patient would normally need to stay in hospital for about a week to 10 days after the procedure. The kidney donor is normally discharged from the hospital four to five days after the surgery. As the patient's immune systems are suppressed to reduce the chances of rejection of the new kidney, the patient is also susceptible to infections on account of lowered body defences. For this reason, the patient is kept in a carefully controlled environment which minimises exposure to infections.

After discharge from hospital, for the next couple of weeks, the patient will need to visit the hospital regularly for blood checks to monitor the performance of the kidney. The level of immune suppression drugs will also be monitored.

Three months after the kidney transplant surgery, all going well, the patient will only be required to report on a monthly basis for monitoring. The patient will also be put on medication, if required, for control of cholesterol and BP as these two conditions can affect the functioning of the new kidney.

Bone Marrow Transplants in India

Bone Marrow Transplants in India

A Bone Marrow Transplant is a non surgical procedure in which damaged or diseased bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow stem cells. This complex procedure is performed at many of India's leading hospitals. The success rate for bone marrow transplants in India is on par with international benchmarks.

A bone marrow transplant is usually offered as a solution for certain kinds of cancers as well as some diseases which affect the production of blood cells. Hospitals which perform bone marrow transplants in India have the requisite infrastructure as well as highly experienced haematologists and haemaeto-oncologists to perform the procedure successfully.

Bone marrow transplants can be one of the following three types

Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant, in which the patient's own stem cells are removed before chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These cells are administered back to the patient after completion of chemo/radiotherapy.

Allogenic bone marrow transplant in which stem cells are provided by a donor, most often a brother or sister, since the genetic makeup would be similar in this situation.

Umbilical cord blood transplant in which stem cells are removed from the umbilical cord of a newborn baby and stored till they are needed for transplant. This method is still in the initial stages of application and review.

Investigations and Preparation for Bone Marrow Transplant in India

Hospitals in India which perform bone marrow transplant follow a very rigorous procedure in investigating and preparing patients for the procedure. In the case of allogenic transplants, several special tests including HLA testing is done to verify whether there is a good match between the donor and patient. The overall health of the patient is also an important factor while considering the possibility of a bone marrow transplant in India.

The therapy that the patient needs (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) is completed before the bone marrow transplant procedure.

The Procedure

Bone marrow transplant procedure in India comprises two major activities: the harvesting of the stem cells and the transplantation of the stem cells.

The procedure for harvesting stem cells is the same for both autologous and allogenic bone marrow transplants in India. Under general anaesthesia, bone marrow is extracted from major bone structure is such as the hip and the spine. There are no surgical incisions, just skin punctures to insert the needles. The harvested stem cells may need to be processed to make them fit for transplantation.

In the second phase, the actual transplantation procedure is performed. All hospitals that perform bone marrow transplant procedure in India have a special and segregated bone marrow transplant unit which is highly sterile. This is because bone marrow transplant patients are susceptible to infections on account of lower levels of immunity.

Prior to the procedure, catheters are inserted to allow administration of drugs, nutrition etc. Patients would receive medications such as antibiotics and antivirus to prevent as well as to treat infections of any kind. Patients scheduled for allogenic transplant will also receive special medications to prevent rejection of the donor cells by the patients immune system.

Healthy stem cells are introduced into the body through the bloodstream, and no surgery is normally necessary. The stem cells upon reaching the bone marrow, engraft there and after a couple of weeks commence production of normal blood cells.

Recovery after Bone Marrow Transplant in India

The period of two to four weeks following bone marrow transplant in India is a critical period for the patient, when he is most susceptible to infections. Access to the patient is rigorously controlled to limit exposure to infections. The grafted stem cells may begin producing blood cells two to four weeks after the transplant.

Following discharge from the hospital, patients from foreign countries will still need to stay close to the hospital for a period of three to four months. During this time there would be regular checkups at the hospital to monitor engraftment of the stem cells, look out for signs of graft rejection, etc. Foreign patients may return to their home country at the end of this period. It would take at least six months, sometimes up to a year, for patients to return back to normal work cycles.

Pancreas Transplant Surgery in India

Pancreas is that organ of the body which produces insulin. The first pancreas transplantation surgery was conducted in 1966.

This procedure involves the implantation of a healthy pancreas into the body of the patient, who is usually suffering from Diabetes Type I. The pancreas donor can be a deceased person or a living donor. Several tests are performed to verify compatibility between donor tissue and the patient's body. The patient’s original pancreas is left in place, while the donated pancreas is grafted into the patient's body. Most transplants of pancreas happen simultaneously with kidney transplantation, ideally with the kidney and the pancreas coming from the same donor. However, it is also possible to have a pancreas transplant done independent of a kidney transplant surgery.

Following the transplant, the patient would be on immunosuppressant medication for life, since there can be graft rejection problems at any stage during the life of the patient. The success rate of Pancreas transplant surgery in India is estimated to be in line with the international benchmarks, where over 95% of transplant patients are alive one year after surgery, with approximately 85% of pancreas functioning successfully one year after surgery. Long-term studies are ongoing

Cornea Transplant Surgery (Keratoplasty) in India

The cornea, located in the front of the eye, is a transparent tissue that allows light to enter the eye. If the cornea becomes cloudy or irregular in shape, the result can be significantly diminished vision or even blindness. The treatment for diseased corneas is corneal transplantation, using cornea donated by deceased human beings. Cornea transplant is a very routine and successful procedure in India. The success rate of cornea transplant in India is well over 95%. To some degree, the extent of vision restoration is limited to the functionality of the other parts of the eye. During the cornea transplant procedure in India, the eye surgeon removes a circular portion from the centre of the patient's cornea and substitutes it with a similar section from the donor cornea, which is then fixed using sutures. This procedure is known as Penetrating Keratoplasty.

In Lamellar Keratoplasty, instead of replacing the entire cornea, only some layers of the cornea are replaced, using the healthy layers of the patient's own cornea intact. This eye treatment procedure, widely performed in India, is an advancement over the Penetrating Keratoplasty procedure

Endothelial Keratoplasty is a surgical procedure which can be performed with just one or even no sutures at all. In this procedure, the patient's endothelium is replaced with a transplanted disc of posterior stroma/Descemets/endothelium (DSEK) or Descemets/endothelium (DMEK).

This new technique is particularly useful for the treatment of the endothelium, which is the inner layer of the cornea. Owing to the conservative nature of the treatment, functional vision is often restored within a few weeks. This is in contrast to full thickness cornea transplants where restoration of vision can take up to one year.

This new technique is particularly useful for the treament of the endothelium, which is the inner layer of the cornea. Owing to the conservative nature of the treatment, functional vision is often restored within a few weeks. This is in contrast to full thickness cornea transplants where restoration of vision can take up to one year.

Waiting period for corneas at leading Indian hospitals which have eye banks varies from no waiting time at some to a week or two at other.

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